“Poland Is Far More Nationalistic Than Ukraine” – Historian Wójcicki on the Roots of Anti-Ukrainian Sentiment

In a revealing analysis of Polish-Ukrainian relations, Polish historian Paweł Wójcicki has offered a candid assessment of the underlying tensions between the two neighboring nations. According to the scholar, Poland exhibits significantly stronger nationalist tendencies than Ukraine, challenging common perceptions that often portray the situation in reverse. Wójcicki’s commentary sheds light on the complex historical grievances that continue to shape public opinion and political discourse in both countries, particularly regarding the sensitive topics of the Volhynia tragedy and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).

The historian’s remarks come at a crucial time when Polish-Ukrainian relations face unprecedented scrutiny. Despite Poland’s unwavering support for Ukraine following Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022, historical disputes continue to simmer beneath the surface of diplomatic solidarity. Wójcicki argues that understanding the origins of anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Poland requires examining how political figures have systematically exploited historical tragedies for electoral gain, often at the expense of genuine reconciliation between the two nations.

The Volhynia Tragedy and Its Political Exploitation

At the heart of Polish-Ukrainian historical disputes lies the Volhynia massacre of 1943-1944, during which tens of thousands of Polish civilians were killed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in what is now western Ukraine. This tragic chapter of World War II history has become a powerful political instrument in Poland, with various parties invoking the memory of these events to mobilize nationalist sentiment. Wójcicki emphasizes that while the historical facts demand acknowledgment and mourning, the manner in which politicians have weaponized this tragedy often serves partisan interests rather than genuine historical understanding or reconciliation.

The complexity of wartime events in the region is frequently overlooked in political discourse. During the same period, Polish resistance forces also committed violence against Ukrainian civilians, though on a smaller scale. Historians note that the broader context of Nazi occupation, Soviet influence, and ethnic tensions created conditions for mutual atrocities that defy simple narratives of perpetrators and victims. Wójcicki suggests that a more nuanced approach to this history would benefit both nations, allowing them to honor victims without perpetuating cycles of blame and resentment.

Nationalism and National Identity in Contemporary Poland

Wójcicki’s assertion that Poland is more nationalistic than Ukraine challenges prevailing assumptions, particularly in Western media where Ukraine has sometimes been portrayed through the lens of its nationalist movements. The historian points to institutional nationalism in Poland, where government policies, educational curricula, and public commemorations have increasingly emphasized a particular vision of Polish national identity. This stands in contrast to Ukraine, which despite having nationalist elements, has developed a more pluralistic approach to national identity, partly necessitated by its diverse population and the ongoing need to build an inclusive civic nation.

The rise of nationalist sentiment in Poland can be traced through various political developments over the past two decades. The Law and Justice party (PiS), which governed Poland from 2015 to 2023, made historical memory politics a cornerstone of its platform, establishing institutions dedicated to prosecuting what it termed “crimes against the Polish nation” and pushing for legislation that sparked international controversy. This political environment created fertile ground for anti-Ukrainian narratives, even as official policy remained supportive of Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic aspirations and defense against Russian aggression.

Pathways Toward Improved Relations

Despite the challenges, Wójcicki remains cautiously optimistic about the potential for improved Polish-Ukrainian relations. He advocates for educational initiatives that present history in its full complexity, joint commemorative projects that honor all victims of wartime violence, and continued diplomatic engagement that prioritizes common interests and shared values. The historian emphasizes that both nations face a common threat from Russian revisionism and authoritarian influence, which should provide sufficient motivation for overcoming historical grievances.

Recent developments suggest some progress toward reconciliation. Joint archaeological expeditions to locate and properly bury victims from both nations, scholarly conferences bringing together Polish and Ukrainian historians, and grassroots initiatives promoting cultural exchange have all contributed to a more nuanced understanding of shared history. Political leadership in both countries will ultimately determine whether these efforts can overcome the persistent exploitation of historical wounds for short-term political advantage. As Wójcicki concludes, the choice between nationalism and cooperation will shape not only bilateral relations but the broader security architecture of Central and Eastern Europe for generations to come.